Population: Total population and distribution by age and sex estimated to be consistent with the population by age and sex of the (a) 1947, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 censuses; (b) adjusted for under/over count; (c) adjusted for age heaping; (d) adjusted for under enumeration of children under age 15; (e) 1955-1956 DES and 2005-2006 MICS survey estimates; (f) official estimates through 2023; and with estimates of the subsequent trends in fertility, mortality and international migration.  In addition, the population register through 2017 have been considered.

Graphs: Total Population5-year age groupsSingle age distribution

Fertility: Total fertility rate and age pattern of fertility based on: (a) registered births classified by age of mother and the underlying female population by age through 2021; (b) birth-histories data from the 1975 WFS and 1975-1976 SPC and 1987 DHS and 2006 RHS; (c) births in the household in the preceding 12 (or 24) months classified by age of mother from the 1960, 1970 censuses and 1978, 1981, 1984, 1996-1997 CPS and 1985-1986, 1989, 1991, 1995-1996 SPC and 2005-2006, 2012-2013, 2015-2016, 2019, 2022 MICS; (d) adjusted fertility using Arriaga modified P/F ratio method with data on children ever born and births in the preceding 12 (or 24/36) months, both classified by age of mother, from the 1960, 1970 censuses and 1975 WFS; (e) indirect estimates based on the increment of cohort parities between successive censuses or surveys such as the 1970 Census and 1974-1975 SPC; (f) indirect estimates obtained from the application of the reverse survival method to the 1956-2011 Education Stats and 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 censuses and 2005-2006 SPC and 2022 MICS; (g) indirect estimates obtained from the application of the own-children method of fertility estimation to the 1970 Census; (h) cohort-completed fertility backdated by the mean age of childbearing from the 2005-2006 SPC and 2006, 2009 RHS and 2022 MICS.  In addition, the (a) official estimates of age-specific fertility rates through 2007; (b) indirect estimates obtained from the application of the reverse survival method to the 2010 Census and 2012-2013, 2015-2016, 2019 MICS; (c) cohort-completed fertility backdated by the mean age of childbearing from the 2005-2006, 2012-2013, 2015-2016, 2019 MICS have been considered.

Graphs: Total fertility rate5-year age groups

Child Mortality: Under-five mortality based on: (a) official estimates of infant and child mortality through 2017; (b) registered infant and child deaths through 2021; (c) direct estimates from births and deaths under-five calculated from full birth histories data from the 1974-1975, 1985-1986, 1989, 1995-1996, 2005-2006 SPC and 1975 WFS and 1987 DHS; (d) indirect estimates from data on children ever born and surviving from the 1970, 1980, 2000 censuses and 1979 NSFMFP and 1981, 1984 CPS and 1996 FS and 2005-2006, 2012-2013 MICS; (e) International estimates used up to 2021.  In addition, the (a) indirect estimates from data on children ever born and surviving from the 1990, 2010 censuses and 2015-2016, 2019 MICS and 2015-2016 SPC; (b) recent household deaths from the 1989, 2005-2006 SPC have been considered.

Graphs: Infant MortalityUnder-five Mortality

Overall Mortality: Life expectancy at birth and age pattern of mortality based on: (a) official estimates through 2007; (b) registered deaths by age and sex available through 2022; (c) adjusted for underreporting of infant and child deaths; (d) adult deaths adjusted for underregistration using death distribution methods; (e) mortality rates for older ages were adjusted; (f) estimates using CD West model life tables and estimates of infant and under-five mortality (5q0), and adult mortality (45q15).

Graphs: Life expectancy at birthLife expectancy at ageAge specific mortality rate

Adult and Old Age Mortality: Estimates derived from: (a) deaths by age and sex available from Register through 2022; (b) adjusted for underregistration; (c) recent household deaths data by age and sex from the 1960-2007 Estimates and 1989, 2005-2006 SPC; (d) recent household deaths adjusted at adult ages for underregistration using death distribution methods; (e) maternal orphanhood from the 2005-2006, 2012-2013, 2019 MICS; (f) indirect estimates of male adult mortality based on female widowhood data from the 2000 Census; (g) intercensal survivorship from successive census age distributions; (h) estimates of under-five, adult and old age mortality.  In addition, the (a) maternal orphanhood from the 2015-2016 MICS; (b) paternal orphanhood from the 2005-2006, 2012-2013, 2015-2016, 2019 MICS; (c) indirect estimates of male adult mortality based on female widowhood data from the 1970, 1980, 1990, 2010 censuses and 1987 DHS and 2005-2006 MICS; (d) indirect estimates of female adult mortality based on male widowhood data from the 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 censuses and 1987 DHS and 2005-2006, 2012-2013 MICS; (e) intercensal survivorship from successive census age distributions have been considered.

Graphs: Adult mortality

Migration: International migration based on: (a) information on foreign-born populations from censuses and registers from major countries of destination; (b) information on the number of migrant workers or about labor migration; (c) estimates derived as the differences between overall population growth and natural increase; (d) UNHCR statistics on the number of refugees in the main countries of asylum.

Graphs: Total net migration